Dry season survival: The farmer’s essential guide to success

Ellanie Smit



Namibia has received significantly more rainfall than the previous season, with above-average volumes recorded in many farming areas. However, farmers must consider several factors as they prepare for the upcoming dry season.



While rangeland productivity has improved in some regions, the quality of grazing materials remains below optimal levels. According to Agribank’s technical advisor for livestock and rangeland, Erastus Ngaruka, livestock body conditions remain good, but the quality and quantity of grazing will influence animals’ endurance until the next rainy season, which remains unpredictable.



Ngaruka stressed that farmers must ensure that the survival and performance of their livestock are not compromised. As the dry season approaches, specific challenges related to livestock nutrition, health, and reproduction will arise.



Nutritional needs



Livestock require a sufficient supply of nutrients year-round to adapt to seasonal changes in rangeland conditions. Ngaruka noted that cattle and sheep, in particular, are vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies, especially mineral deficiencies, due to the low mineral concentration in sandy soils.



During the rainy season, mineral supplementation should focus on phosphorus, which is often deficient in soils and plays a critical role in metabolism, especially when animals are eating more. As winter approaches, grasses enter a dormant phase, and essential nutrients, including vitamin A and protein, are lost. Farmers should provide vitamin A and protein-lick supplements to ensure livestock remain healthy.



Critical supplements



Urea is one of the key ingredients in winter supplements, as it enhances the digestion of dry forage materials by boosting the rumen’s microbial activity. As the season progresses, the demand for energy increases as grass becomes scarcer. Energy supplements, combined with protein, may be necessary, and in cases of severe grazing shortages, roughage feeds or hay should be added.



Farmers who have planted crops can use processed crop residues as an affordable source of dry-season feed.



Winter is also the time when goats and sheep give birth, a period that requires special attention to ensure smooth birthing processes and the survival of lambs and kids. The harsh winter conditions can put newborns at risk of respiratory infections, such as pneumonia. Farmers should provide shelters, such as covered enclosures or pits, to keep the young animals warm.



Ngaruka also stressed the importance of vaccinations, either for the mothers to pass immunity to their young through milk or for the young to be vaccinated at two weeks of age. Additionally, the ewes and does need sufficient quality feed to produce enough milk for their offspring.



Parasite controlYoung lambs and kids are particularly vulnerable to parasites such as mites, fleas, and lice, which can compromise their health and growth. Ngaruka advised that farmers use antiparasitic dips for young animals to control infestations.



Dirty kraals can pose significant health risks, leading to respiratory and eye infections as well as harbouring parasites. A clean, safe kraal environment is essential for the survival of lambs and kids. “Eliminating potentially harmful conditions in the kraal is crucial,” said Ngaruka.



Successful farm productivity relies on effective management, suitable environmental conditions, and healthy livestock. Farmers should develop management plans that respond to seasonal challenges, such as feed and water shortages, diseases, and parasite infestations. Ensuring that animals are born, raised, and managed properly will optimise production cycles and ensure long-term profitability.